B.Ed. 1st Year: Language & Linguistics Summary

Foundations of Language and Linguistics (B.Ed. 1st Year)

Unit 1: Nature of Language

  • Definition: Language as a system of voluntary vocal symbols used for human communication.
  • Characteristics: Arbitrariness, Productivity, Duality, Displacement, and Cultural Transmission.
  • Functions: Informative, Expressive, Directive, Phatic, and Aesthetic functions.

Unit 2: Introduction to Linguistics

  • Definition: The scientific study of language and its structure.
  • Scope: Micro-linguistics (Phonetics, Syntax) vs. Macro-linguistics (Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics).
  • Branches: General, Descriptive, Historical, and Comparative linguistics.
  • Dichotomies: Langue vs. Parole, Competence vs. Performance, and Synchronic vs. Diachronic study.

Unit 3: Phonetics and Phonology

  • Phonetics: Study of speech sounds (Articulatory, Acoustic, Auditory).
  • Phonology: Study of how sounds function within a specific language (Phonemes and Allophones).
  • Description of Sounds: Vowels (monophthongs/diphthongs) and Consonants (Place and Manner of articulation).

Unit 4: Morphology

  • Definition: The study of word formation and structure.
  • Morpheme: The smallest unit of meaning (Free vs. Bound morphemes).
  • Processes: Affixation (Prefix, Suffix, Infix), Compounding, Reduplication, and Inflection vs. Derivation.

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